What Is Melasma?

Melasma is a skin condition characterized by dark patches ranging from brown to bluish-gray on the face or other areas of the body that are frequently exposed to sunlight.

Although it is common and harmless, melasma can affect appearance and lower self-confidence.

It is often referred to as the “mask of pregnancy” because it frequently occurs during pregnancy, affecting between 15% and 50% of pregnant women.

However, melasma can also affect anyone, especially women with darker skin tones and a history of high sun exposure.

What Causes Melasma?

Melasma occurs due to the overproduction of melanin, the natural pigment that gives skin its colour.

This condition is known as hyperpigmentation. The excess melanin is usually triggered by:

• Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared radiation from sun exposure.
• Hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy or while using oral contraceptives.
• Irritating skincare or cosmetic products.
• Genetic factors.

Melasma develops in the skin’s outermost layer, the epidermis, where melanocytes (melanin-producing cells) are located.

When stimulated, these cells produce more melanin, resulting in darker skin tones in specific areas.

Where Does Melasma Commonly Appear?

Melasma most often appears on the face, including the forehead, cheeks, nose, upper lip, and jawline.

In some cases, it can also develop on the upper arms, neck, and shoulders, particularly in individuals who frequently experience sun exposure.

Can Melasma Go Away?

Melasma may fade on its own, particularly when the triggering factors are removed or minimized, such as after childbirth or with reduced sun exposure.

However, in some cases, melasma can become a long-term condition that is difficult to treat.

It’s essential to note that there’s currently no treatment that can permanently cure melasma.

Therefore, treatment is focused on reducing melanin production and managing the underlying triggers.

What Should You Avoid If You Have Melasma?

To prevent melasma from worsening, it’s advisable to avoid:

• Sun exposure without proper protection
• Hormonal contraceptives (if alternatives are available)
• LED light from TVs, laptops, smartphones, or tablets
• Irritating skincare and makeup products
• Soaps or products with strong fragrances
• Waxing, which can irritate the skin
• Certain medications may trigger hyperpigmentation

Can Melasma Be Prevented?

Melasma isn’t always preventable, especially if it’s linked to genetic or hormonal factors.

However, you can lower your risk and help prevent recurrence by:

• Avoiding direct sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM
• Applying broad-spectrum sunscreen daily with at least SPF 30
• Wearing hats or face shields when outdoors
• Avoiding harsh or irritating skincare products

Melasma Treatment Options

Treating melasma often requires a combination of therapies for more effective results. Common topical treatments include:

• Hydroquinone
  A commonly used skin-lightening agent. Should be used for a limited time (up to 6 months) to avoid long-term side effects.
• Azelaic acid
  Safe for use during pregnancy, it helps reduce inflammation and lighten the skin.
• Kojic acid, niacinamide, tranexamic acid, rucinol, and cysteine
  Help inhibit melanin production and soothe the skin.
• Topical retinoids and steroids
  Often used with lightning agents to promote skin regeneration and reduce inflammation.

Note: Pregnant women should only use products that are proven safe—such as azelaic acid—and always consult a doctor before starting any treatment.

When Should You See a Dermatologist?

If your melasma doesn’t improve with at-home treatments or if the changes in your skin are affecting you emotionally, it’s best to consult a dermatologist.

A doctor can help identify the cause, customize your treatment plan, and may recommend additional therapies such as mild chemical peels or specific laser treatments, used cautiously, as some may worsen melasma if not properly selected.

References

Cleveland Clinic. Diakses pada 2025. Melasma.

Health Harvard. Diakses pada 2025. Melasma: What are the best treatments?

Medical News Today. Diakses pada 2025. What to Know About Melasma

WebMD. Diakses pada 2025. What Is Melasma.